Power utilities have for along time relied on protection relays (electromagnetic and first-generation digital relays) to perform only a single isolated task - fault protection. This was for a number of reasons but mainly due to limited process- ing power. With the advent of second-generation digital relays using powerful high-speed digital signal processors (e.g. DSPs), the [...]
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. www.solarbotics.net
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Understanding the Basic Networking Functions, Components, and Signaling Protocols in VoIP Networks Although voice over IP (VoIP) has existed for several years, it has only recently begun to take off as a viable alternative to traditional voice systems and public switched telephone networks (PSTN). Interest in VoIP has grown in part because the technology can help both [...]
If the radio is wired correctly, there are three possible things you can hear when you turn it on: 1) a radio station, 2) a rushing noise, 3) a squeal, and 4) nothing. If you got a radio station, you are in good shape. Use another FM radio to see where you are on the [...]
The Air Car, called the MiniCAT could cost around Rs. 3,50,000 ($ 8177) in India and would have a range of around 300 km between refuels. The cost of a refill would be about Rs. 85 ($ 2). Tata motors also plans to launch the world’s cheapest car, Tata Nano priced famously at One lakh [...]
Things You’ll Need: Engine Coolants Step1Add a mixture of one-half water and one-half antifreeze to the radiator. Fill it right up to the top. Step2Fill the overflow/coolant reservoir with the same 50/50 mixture. Step3Leave the radiator cap off, turn the engine on and let it run until the radiator “burps”: You will see the coolant level drop and [...]
The radiator cap actually increases the boiling point of your coolant by about 45 F (25 C). How does this simple cap do this? The same way a pressure cooker increases the boiling temperature of water. The cap is actually a pressure release valve, and on cars it is usually set to 15 psi. The [...]
A radiator is a type of heat exchanger. It is designed to transfer heat from the hot coolant that flows through it to the air blown through it by the fan. Most modern cars use aluminum radiators. These radiators are made by brazing thin aluminum fins to flattened aluminum tubes. The coolant flows from the [...]
Note that the walls of the cylinder are quite thin, and that the engine block is mostly hollow The engine block and cylinder head have many passageways cast or machined in them to allow for fluid flow. These passageways direct the coolant to the most critical areas of the engine. Temperatures in the combustion chamber of [...]
The water pump is a simple centrifugal pump driven by a belt connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The pump circulates fluid whenever the engine is running. A centrifugal pump like the one used in your car The water pump uses centrifugal force to send fluid to the outside while it spins, causing fluid to be [...]
