IC engines: chemical energy to work via internal energy – unfortunately not all chemical energy converted to useful work. Material balances: pollutants production per unit fuel. Heat of reaction: pollutant production per unit energy released. 1stLaw (energy balance): energy split between work, heat etc. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: nothing can be 100% efficient. Thermodynamic efficiency: [...]
Current GPS sensing technology enables estimation of road grade and, consequently simple treatment of parameter estimation from a static mass balance. An on-line recursive parameter estimation scheme based on this idea has been developed and demonstrated experimentally with a passenger vehicle. Both methods for estimating road grade from GPS produced a rapidly converging mass estimate [...]
The Air Car, called the MiniCAT could cost around Rs. 3,50,000 ($ 8177) in India and would have a range of around 300 km between refuels. The cost of a refill would be about Rs. 85 ($ 2). Tata motors also plans to launch the world’s cheapest car, Tata Nano priced famously at One lakh [...]
Things You’ll Need: Engine Coolants Step1Add a mixture of one-half water and one-half antifreeze to the radiator. Fill it right up to the top. Step2Fill the overflow/coolant reservoir with the same 50/50 mixture. Step3Leave the radiator cap off, turn the engine on and let it run until the radiator “burps”: You will see the coolant [...]
The radiator cap actually increases the boiling point of your coolant by about 45 F (25 C). How does this simple cap do this? The same way a pressure cooker increases the boiling temperature of water. The cap is actually a pressure release valve, and on cars it is usually set to 15 psi. The [...]
A radiator is a type of heat exchanger. It is designed to transfer heat from the hot coolant that flows through it to the air blown through it by the fan. Most modern cars use aluminum radiators. These radiators are made by brazing thin aluminum fins to flattened aluminum tubes. The coolant flows from the [...]
Note that the walls of the cylinder are quite thin, and that the engine block is mostly hollow The engine block and cylinder head have many passageways cast or machined in them to allow for fluid flow. These passageways direct the coolant to the most critical areas of the engine. Temperatures in the combustion chamber [...]
The water pump is a simple centrifugal pump driven by a belt connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The pump circulates fluid whenever the engine is running. A centrifugal pump like the one used in your car The water pump uses centrifugal force to send fluid to the outside while it spins, causing fluid [...]
