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Eh S(14) قسم خاص بالــــ steam وكل تطبيقاته

مجموعة كتب رائعة عن الــــ steam وكل تطبيقاته

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مشاركة إعلانية ::
  #2  
قديم 04-02-2007, 01:48 AM
الصورة الرمزية المهندس
المهندس المهندس غير متصل مشاهدة ألبوم صور المهندس's
مشرف عام سابق (ومن مؤسسى المنتدى)
 
تاريخ التسجيل: Jun 2006
المشاركات: 5,697
Eh S(14) الكتاب الأول

الكتاب الأول


steam
حجم الملف 4.5 ميجا بايت

التحميل هنا




محتويات الكتاب هى كالأتى

Section 1: System Design Information

.................................................. .......1


The Working Pressure in the Boiler and the Mains .................................................. ..........2
Sizing Steam Lines on Velocity.......................................... .................................................3
Steam Pipe Sizing for Pressure Drop.............................................. ...................................5
Sizing Superheated Mains............................................. .................................................. ...6
Properties of Saturated Steam .................................................. .........................................7
Draining Steam Mains .................................................. .................................................. ....8
Steam Tracing .................................................. .................................................. ...............12
Pressure Reducing Stations .................................................. ...........................................19
Parallel and Series Operation of Reducing Valves .................................................. .........21
How to Size Temperature and Pressure Control Valves .................................................. .23
Temperature Control Valves for Steam Service .................................................. ..............26
Temperature Control Valves for Liquid Service........................................... ......................28
Makeup Air Heating Coils .................................................. ...............................................31
Draining Temperature Controlled Steam Equipment .................................................. ......33
Multi-Coil Heaters .................................................. .................................................. .........36
Steam Trap Selection......................................... .................................................. .............38
Flash Steam............................................. .................................................. .......................41
Condensate Recovery Systems .................................................. .....................................45
Condensate Pumping .................................................. .................................................. ...48
Clean Steam .................................................. .................................................. .................50
Testing Steam Traps............................................. .................................................. ...........55
Spira-tec Trap Leak Detector Systems for Checking Steam Traps...................................58
Steam Meters............................................ .................................................. ......................59
Compressed Air Systems .................................................. ...............................................62
Reference Charts and Tables .................................................. .........................................66

Section 2: Hook-up Application Diagrams

...............................................83
For Diagram Content, please refer to Subject Index on page 149.
Section 3: Product Information


.................................................. ...................143

An overview of the Spirax Sarco Product Line


Subject Index


.................................................. .................................149


رد مع اقتباس
  #3  
قديم 04-02-2007, 02:03 AM
الصورة الرمزية المهندس
المهندس المهندس غير متصل مشاهدة ألبوم صور المهندس's
مشرف عام سابق (ومن مؤسسى المنتدى)
 
تاريخ التسجيل: Jun 2006
المشاركات: 5,697
Eh S(14) الكتاب الثانى

الكتاب الثانى

steam hand book
حجم الملف 1.1 ميجا بايت

التحميل هنا




محتويات الكتاب هى كالأتى

List of Figures and Tables: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2: Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Boiler Water Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Deposit-Related Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Corrosion-Related Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Boiler Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Benefits From a Proper Water Treatment Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Operator’s Checklist for Water Treatment Systems Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 3: Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Air Infiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Combustion Air Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fuel and Air Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Types of Combustion Systems and Their Particular Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Operator’s Checklist for Combustion Systems Efficiency and Maintenance . . . 18
Chapter 4: Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Boiler Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Heat Loss Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Turbulators and Firetube Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Operator’s Checklist for Efficient Boiler Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 5: Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Burner Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Supervisory Monitoring and Control Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chapter 6: Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Air Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Other Sources of Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
List of Figures and Tables: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2: Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Boiler Water Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Deposit-Related Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Corrosion-Related Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Boiler Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Benefits From a Proper Water Treatment Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Operator’s Checklist for Water Treatment Systems Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 3: Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Air Infiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Combustion Air Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fuel and Air Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Types of Combustion Systems and Their Particular Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Operator’s Checklist for Combustion Systems Efficiency and Maintenance . . . 18
Chapter 4: Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Boiler Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Heat Loss Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Turbulators and Firetube Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Operator’s Checklist for Efficient Boiler Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 5: Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Burner Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Supervisory Monitoring and Control Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chapter 6: Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Air Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Other Sources of Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 7: Auxiliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Boiler Feedwater Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Motors and Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Electronic Motor Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Materials Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Boiler Sootblowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Sale of Excess Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 8: Energy Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Steam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Steam Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Cooling Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Compressed Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 9: Flue Gas Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NOx Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Solid Particle Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 10: Steam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
General Operational Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Steam Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Chapter 11: Compressed Air Systems and Diesel Engine Power Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . 51
Operator’s Checklist for Compressed Air Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Diesel Engine Power Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 12: Electrical Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Monitoring and Metering Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 13: Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Cooling Tower Inspection Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Energy Efficiency in Cooling Tower Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Appendix A: Excess Air Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Appendix B: Savings Possible through Heat Recovery on Continuous Blowdown
and Improved Blowdown Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Appendix C: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63


رد مع اقتباس
  #4  
قديم 04-02-2007, 02:27 AM
الصورة الرمزية المهندس
المهندس المهندس غير متصل مشاهدة ألبوم صور المهندس's
مشرف عام سابق (ومن مؤسسى المنتدى)
 
تاريخ التسجيل: Jun 2006
المشاركات: 5,697
Eh S(14) الكتاب الثالث

الكتاب الثالث




STEAM POWER PLANTS - FOSSIL FUELD


حجم الملف 1.1 ميجا بايت










محتويات الكتاب هى كالأتى




1 INTRODUCTION




1.1 Scope............................................. ...1


1.2 Cancellation...................................... ...1
1.3 Policy............................................ ...1


Section 2 BASIC DATA




2.1 Economic Analysis....................................2


2.1.1 Present Value Analysis...............................2
2.1.2 Cost Elements........................................2
2.1.3 Analysis Format......................................2
2.1.4 Discount Factor......................................3
2.1.5 Economic Life........................................3
2.1.6 Uniform Annual Cost..................................3
2.2 Economic Studies.....................................3
2.2.1 Factors to be Analyzed...............................3
2.2.2 Method of Satisfying Load Demands....................3
2.2.2.1 Objective......................................... ...3
2.2.2.2 Guidelines........................................ ...3
2.2.2.3 Plausible Methods....................................4
2.2.3 Comparative Cost of Alternate Methods................4
2.2.3.1 Load Duration Curves.................................4
2.2.3.2 Comparative Owning and Operating Costs...............4
2.2.3.3 Choice of Individual Components......................4
2.3 Source of Power......................................5
2.4 Private Versus Government Ownership..................5
2.4.1 Private Ownership....................................5
2.4.2 Government Ownership.................................5
2.4.3 Hospitals, Communications, and Other Services.......10
2.5 Expansion, Rehabilitation, and Replacement of
Existing Plants...................................10
2.5.1 Plant Additions.....................................10
2.5.2 Rehabilitation Versus Replacement...................10
2.6 Fuel Selection......................................10
2.6.1 Selection......................................... ..10
2.6.2 Characteristics................................... ..11
2.6.3 Types............................................. ..11
2.7 Codes and Regulations...............................11
2.7.1 Conformance....................................... ..11
2.7.2 Environmental Regulations and Permitting............11
2.7.3 Pollution Control...................................11
2.7.4 National Industry Codes.............................11
Page
2.7.5 Safety Regulations and Requirements.................12
2.8 Plant Location Factors..............................12
2.9 Types of Power Plants...............................14
2.9.1 Design............................................ ..14
2.9.2 Primary Power Plants................................14


Section 3 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE TO DEVELOP A POWER PLANT




3.1 Power Plant Loads...................................16


3.1.1 Electric Loads......................................16
3.1.2 Steam Loads.........................................16
3.1.3 Typical Load Curves.................................17
3.1.3.1 Growth Curves.......................................


3.1.3.2 Load Curves.........................................17


3.1.3.3 Load Duration Curves................................17
3.2 Steam Power Plant Design............................18
3.2.1 Steam Conditions....................................18
3.2.2 Heat Balances.......................................18
3.3 Plant Design Factors................................18


Section 4 POWER PLANT STEAM GENERATION




4.1 Steam Generators (Boilers)..........................29


4.2 Steam Pressures and Temperatures....................29
4.2.1 Rated Pressure and Temperature......................29
4.2.2 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure..................29
4.2.2.1 Safety Valves and Safety Relief Valves..............29
4.2.2.2 Normal Operating Pressure...........................29
4.3 Natural Gas Firing..................................30
4.4 Fuel Oil Firing.....................................30
4.5 Coal Firing.........................................30
4.5.1 Definitions of Boiler and Stoker Criteria...........30
4.5.1.1 Stoker Grate Burning Rate...........................30
4.5.1.2 Velocities in Convection Sections of Boilers........30
4.5.1.3 Furnace Volume......................................30
4.5.1.4 Effective Radiant Heating Surface...................30
4.5.2 Types of Stokers Used in Power Plants...............31
4.5.2.1 Front Gravity Feed Traveling Grate Stoker...........31
4.5.2.2 Overfeed Spreader Stoker with Traveling Grate.......32
4.5.3 Stoker Criteria.....................................32
4.5.4 Pulverized Coal.....................................32
4.5.4.1 Coal Feeders........................................32
4.5.4.2 Pulverizers....................................... ..34
4.5.5 Pulverized Coal Firing vs. Stoker Coal Firing.......35
4.5.6 Coal Scales.........................................37
4.6 Wood Firing.........................................37
4.6.1 Suspension Burning..................................37
4.7 Soot Blowers........................................37
Page
4.8 Economizers....................................... ..37
4.9 Air Heaters.........................................37
4.10 Forced Draft Fans...................................37
4.11 Induced Draft Fans..................................37
4.12 Primary Air Fans....................................38
4.13 Overfire Air Fans...................................38
4.14 Cinder Return Fans..................................38
4.15 Stacks............................................ ..38
4.16 Blowdown Equipment..................................38
4.17 Essential Plant Equipment...........................38
4.17.1 Steam Drive Auxiliaries.............................38
4.18 Equipment Selection.................................38


Section 5 STEAM TURBINE DESIGN




5.1 Typical Plants and Cycles...........................43


5.1.1 Definition........................................ ..43
5.1.2 Steam Turbine Prime Movers..........................43
5.1.2.1 Smaller Turbines....................................43
5.1.2.2 Larger Turbines.....................................43
5.1.3 Selection of Cycle Conditions.......................43
5.1.3.1 Simple Condensing Cycles............................43
5.1.3.2 Controlled Extraction-Condensing Cycles and Back
Pressure Cycles...................................43
5.1.3.3 Topping Cycle.......................................44
5.1.4 General Economic Rules..............................44
5.1.5 Selection of Cycle Steam Conditions.................49


5.1.5.1 Balanced Costs and Economy..........................49


5.1.5.2 Extension of Existing Plant.........................49
5.1.5.3 Special Considerations..............................49
5.1.6 Steam Power Plant Arrangement.......................50
5.1.6.1 General........................................... ..50
5.1.6.2 Typical Small Plants................................50
5.1.7 Heat Rates..........................................50
5.1.7.1 Heat Rate Units and Definitions.....................50
5.1.7.2 Turbine Heat Rates..................................54
5.1.7.3 Plant Heat Rates....................................54
5.1.7.4 Cycle Performance...................................55
5.1.7.5 Long Term Averages..................................55
5.1.7.6 Plant Economy Calculations..........................55
5.1.8 Steam Rates.........................................55
5.1.8.1 Theoretical Steam Rate..............................55
5.1.8.2 Turbine Generator Engine Efficiency.................56
5.1.8.3 Actual Steam Rate...................................57
5.2 Cogeneration in Steam Power Plants..................57
5.2.1 Definition........................................ ..57
5.2.2 Common Medium.......................................59
Page
5.2.3 Relative Economy....................................59
5.2.4 Cycle Types.........................................59
5.2.4.1 Back Pressure Cycle.................................59
5.2.4.2 Extraction-Condensing Cycle.........................59
5.2.5 Criteria For Cogeneration...........................60
5.2.5.1 Load Balance........................................60
5.2.5.2 Load Coincidence....................................60
5.2.5.3 Size.............................................. ..60
5.2.5.4 Distribution Medium.................................60
5.3 Turbine Types.......................................60
5.3.1 Condensing Types....................................60
5.3.1.1 High Pressure Extraction Type.......................60
5.3.1.2 High Pressure Non-Extraction Type...................60
5.3.1.3 Automatic Extraction Type...........................61
5.3.1.4 Mixed Pressure or Induction Type....................61
5.3.1.5 Low Pressure Type...................................61
5.3.2 Noncondensing Types.................................61
5.3.2.1 Superposed or Topping Type..........................61
5.3.2.2 Back Pressure Type..................................63
5.3.2.3 Atmospheric Exhaust.................................63
5.4 Turbine Generator Sizes.............................63
5.4.1 Noncondensing and Automatic Extraction Turbines.....63
5.4.2 Geared Turbine Generator Units......................63
5.5 Turbine Throttle Pressure and Temperature...........63
5.5.1 Selection of Throttle Pressure and Temperature......63
5.5.2 Economic Breakpoints................................65
5.6 Turbine Exhaust Pressure............................65
5.7 Lubricating Oil Systems.............................66
5.7.1 Single Stage Turbines...............................66
5.7.2 Multistage Turbines.................................66
5.7.3 Oil Purifiers.......................................67
5.7.3.1 Centrifuge With Bypass Particle Size Filter.........67
5.7.3.2 Multistage Oil Conditioner..........................67
5.7.4 Lubricating Oil Storage Tanks.......................67
5.7.5 Lubricating Oil System Cleaning.....................70
5.8 Generator Types.....................................70
5.9 Generator Cooling...................................70
5.9.1 Self Ventilation....................................70
5.9.2 Air Cooled..........................................70
5.9.3 Hydrogen Cooled.....................................70


5.10 Turbine Generator Control...........................70


5.11 Turning Gear........................................70
5.12 Turbine Generator Foundations.......................71
5.13 Auxiliary Equipment.................................71
5.14 Installation...................................... ..71
5.15 Cleanup, Startup, and Testing.......................71
Page
5.15.1 Pipe Cleaning.......................................71
5.15.1.1 Boiler Chemical Boil out............................71
5.15.1.2 Main Steam Blowout..................................72
5.15.1.3 Installation of Temporary Strainers.................73
5.15.1.4 Condenser Cleaning..................................74
5.15.1.5 Condensate System Chemical Cleaning.................74
5.15.1.6 Turbine Lube Oil Flush and Recirculation............75
5.15.2 Equipment Startup...................................75
5.15.2.1 Preliminary Checks..................................75
5.15.2.2 Initial Plant Startup...............................76
5.15.3 Testing........................................... ..77
5.16 Operation......................................... ..77
5.16.1 Trial Operation.....................................77
5.16.2 Main System Operation...............................77
5.16.3 Operation Control...................................77


Section 6 GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL FACILITIES DESIGN




6.1 Typical Voltage Ratings and Systems.................79


6.1.1 Voltages.......................................... ..79
6.1.1.1 General........................................... ..79
6.1.1.2 Generators........................................ ..79
6.1.1.3 Power Plant Station Service Power Systems...........79
6.1.1.4 Distribution System.................................79
6.1.2 Station Service Power Systems.......................79
6.1.2.1 General........................................... ..79
6.1.2.2 Common Bus System...................................80
6.1.2.3 Unit Type System....................................80
6.1.2.4 Station Service Switchgear..........................82
6.1.2.5 Startup Auxiliary Transformer.......................82
6.2 Generators........................................ ..86
6.2.1 General Types and Standards.........................86
6.2.1.1 Type.............................................. ..86
6.2.1.2 Standards......................................... ..86
6.2.2 Features and Accessories............................88
6.2.2.1 Voltage Variations..................................88
6.2.2.2 Thermal Variations..................................88
6.2.2.3 Mechanical Withstand................................88
6.2.2.4 Excitation Voltage..................................89
6.2.2.5 Wave Shape..........................................89
6.2.2.6 Telephone Influence Factor..........................89
6.2.3 Excitation Systems..................................89
6.3 Generator Leads and Switchyard......................89
6.3.1 General........................................... ..89
6.3.2 Generator Leads.....................................92
6.3.2.1 Cable............................................. ..92
Page
6.3.2.2 Segregated Phase Bus................................96
6.3.2.3 Isolated Phase Bus..................................96


Section 7 STEAM CONDENSERS




7.1 Condenser Types.....................................97


7.1.1 Spray Type..........................................97


7.1.2 Surface Type........................................97


7.1.2.1 Pass Configuration..................................97
7.1.2.2 Divided Water Box...................................97
7.1.2.3 Reheating Hotwell...................................97
7.1.2.4 Air Cooler Section..................................98
7.2 Condenser Sizes.....................................98
7.2.1 Condenser Heat Load.................................98
7.2.2 Condenser Vacuum....................................98
7.2.3 Cooling Water Temperatures..........................99
7.2.3.1 Inlet Temperature...................................99
7.2.3.2 Terminal Difference.................................99
7.2.3.3 Temperature Rise....................................99
7.2.4 Tube Water Velocity................................100
7.2.5 Tube Outside Diameter and Gauge....................100
7.2.6 Tube Length........................................100
7.2.7 Number of Water Passes.............................101
7.2.8 Tube Cleanliness Factor............................101
7.2.9 Surface........................................... .102
7.2.10 Cooling Water Flow.................................102
7.3 Condenser Materials................................102
7.3.1 Shell............................................. .102
7.3.2 Tube Support Plates................................103
7.3.3 Tubes............................................. .103
7.3.3.1 Freshwater Service.................................107
7.3.3.2 Brackish Water Service.............................108
7.3.3.3 Seawater Service...................................108
7.3.3.4 Polluted Water Service.............................109
7.3.4 Tubesheets........................................ .109
7.3.4.1 Freshwater Service.................................109
7.3.4.2 Brackish and Seawater Service......................109
7.3.4.3 Polluted Water Service.............................111
7.3.5 Water Boxes........................................111
7.3.5.1 Freshwater Service.................................111
7.3.5.2 Brackish and Seawater Service......................111
7.3.5.3 Polluted Water.....................................112
7.3.6 Exhaust Neck.......................................112
7.3.7 Expansion Joints...................................112
7.3.7.1 Exhaust Neck.......................................112
7.3.7.2 Shell............................................. .112
7.4 Condenser Support..................................112
Page
7.4.1 Bottom Support.....................................112
7.4.2 Spring Support.....................................112
7.4.3 Rigid Support......................................112
7.5 Condenser Air Removal..............................113
7.5.1 Continuous Air Removal.............................113
7.5.2 Hogging Air Removal................................113


Section 8 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT




8.1 Condensate Storage and Transfer....................114


8.1.1 Condensate Storage Tank............................114
8.1.2 Deionized or Demineralized Water Storage Tank......114
8.1.3 Condensate Receivers and Pumps Sizing..............114
8.1.4 Condensate Pumps...................................114
8.1.5 Condensate Transfer Pumps..........................116
8.1.6 Condensate Cleaning................................116
8.1.6.1 Wastage........................................... .116
8.1.6.2 Filtration........................................ .116
8.2 Feedwater Heaters..................................116
8.2.1 Low Pressure Heater(s).............................116
8.2.2 High Pressure Heater(s)............................116


8.3 Heater Drain Pumps.................................116


8.3.1 Low Pressure Heater Drain Pump.....................116
8.3.2 High Pressure Heater Drain Pumps...................117
8.4 Deaerators........................................ .117
8.4.1 Deaerator Function.................................117
8.4.2 Deaerator Design Pressure..........................117
8.4.3 Deaerator Storage Volume...........................118
8.4.4 Deaerator Rating...................................120
8.4.4.1 Rated Capacity.....................................120
8.4.4.2 Oxygen Removal.....................................120
8.5 Boiler Feed Pumps..................................120
8.6 Pressure Reducing and Desuperheating Stations......120
8.6.1 Pressure Reducing Stations.........................120
8.6.2 Desuperheating Stations............................122
8.7 Compressed Air System..............................122
8.7.1 Applications...................................... .122
8.7.2 Equipment Description, Design, and Arrangement.....122
8.8 Auxiliary Cooling Water System.....................122


Section 9 COAL HANDLING




9.1 Unloading Systems..................................125


9.1.1 Barge............................................. .125
9.1.1.1 River Barge Unloader...............................125
9.1.1.2 Ocean Barge Unloader...............................125
9.2 Coal Crushing......................................127
9.3 Coal Storage.......................................127
Page
9.4 Coal Reclaiming....................................127
9.5 Plant Bunker or Silo Storage.......................127
9.6 Bunker or Silo Filling Systems.....................128
9.7 Coal Scales........................................128
9.8 Magnetic Separators................................128
9.9 Coal Sampling......................................128


Section 10 ASH HANDLING




10.1 Ash Handling Systems...............................130


10.1.1 Pneumatic......................................... .130
10.1.1.1 Vacuum System......................................130
10.1.1.2 Pressure System....................................131
10.1.1.3 Vacuum-Pressure System.............................131
10.1.2 Hydraulic......................................... .131
10.1.3 Dense Phase........................................131
10.2 Bottom Ash Hoppers.................................132
10.2.1 Stoker Firing......................................132
10.2.2 Pulverized Coal Firing.............................132
10.3 Clinker Crushers...................................132
Page
10.3.1 Stoker Coal Firing.................................132
10.3.2 Pulverized Coal Firing.............................132
10.4 Ash Storage........................................132


Section 11 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION




11.1 Types of Controls and Control Systems..............133


11.1.1 Analog............................................ .133
11.1.2 Microprocessor Based Control Stations..............133
11.1.3 Computer - Direct Digital Control (DDC)
or Supervisory Control (SC)......................133
11.1.4 Pneumatic Control Systems..........................133
11.1.5 Types of Control Systems Available.................133
11.1.6 Maintenance and Calibration........................134


11.2 Steam Power Plant Controls.........................134


11.2.1 Combustion Control.................................134
11.2.2 Steam Temperature Control..........................134
11.2.3 Feedwater Control..................................134
11.2.4 Steam Turbine Generator Control....................144
11.3 Safety Devices and Interlocks......................144
11.4 Control Loops......................................145
11.4.1 Pressure.......................................... .145
11.4.2 Temperature....................................... .145
11.4.3 Level............................................. .145
11.5 Flow meters........................................145
11.6 Pressure Gauges....................................145
Page
11.7 Temperature Sensors................................147
11.7.1 Thermometers...................................... .147
11.7.2 Thermocouples..................................... .147
11.7.3 Resistance Temperature Detector....................147
11.8 Transmitters...................................... .147
11.9 Recorders......................................... .149
11.10 Controllers....................................... .149
11.11 Operators......................................... .150
11.11.1 Pneumatic Operators................................150
11.11.2 Electric Operators.................................150
11.11.3 Electro-Hydraulic Operators........................153
11.12 Positioners....................................... .153
11.13 Control Room.......................................153


Section 12 WATER SUPPLY, MAKEUP, AND TREATMENT




12.1 Water Supply.......................................156


12.2 Water Makeup.......................................156
12.2.1 Cycle Makeup.......................................156
12.2.2 Cooling Tower Makeup...............................156
12.3 Water Treatment....................................157
12.4 Cooling Water Systems..............................157
12.4.1 Once-Through System................................157
12.4.2 Recirculating System...............................157
12.4.2.1 Evaporative Wet Cooling............................157
12.4.2.2 Non-evaporative Dry Cooling........................157
12.4.2.3 Combination Wet and Dry Cooling....................157
12.5 Intake Structures..................................158
12.5.1 Location.......................................... .158
12.5.2 Arrangement....................................... .158
12.5.3 Trash Racks........................................158
12.5.4 Traveling Water Screen.............................158
12.5.5 Pumps............................................. .159
12.5.5.1 Vertical Pumps.....................................159
12.5.5.2 Horizontal Pumps...................................159
12.5.5.3 Backlash Pump......................................159
12.5.6 Water Treatment....................................160
12.5.6.1 Chlorination...................................... .160
12.5.6.2 Cathodic Protection................................160
12.5.7 Housing........................................... .160
12.6 Outfall Structures.................................160
12.6.1 Location.......................................... .160
12.6.2 Seal Wells.........................................160
12.7 Cooling Towers.....................................165
12.7.1 Mechanical Draft Towers............................165
12.7.1.1 Induced Draft Wet Type.............................165
12.7.1.2 Induced Draft Wet/Dry Type.........................165
Page


12.7.1.3 Induced Draft Dry Type.............................165


12.7.2 Natural Draft Towers...............................165
12.8 Cooling Water System Chemical Treatment............165
12.8.1 Chemical Analysis..................................165
12.8.2 Selection Factors..................................166


Section 13 CORROSION PROTECTION




13.1 Justification..................................... .167


13.1.1 Economy........................................... .167
13.1.2 Operational Necessity..............................167
13.1.3 Hazards in Handling Materials......................167
13.2 Causes............................................ .167
13.3 Corrosion Controls.................................167


Section 14 SAFETY PROTECTION




14.1 Personnel......................................... .168


14.1.1 OSHA Standards.....................................168
14.1.1.1 Equipment Guards...................................168
14.1.1.2 Platforms and Stairs...............................168
14.1.1.3 Egress............................................ .168
14.1.2 National Industrial Safety Codes...................168
14.1.3 Hearing Conservation...............................169
14.1.3.1 Permissible Noise Exposure.........................169
14.1.3.2 Equipment Design Sound Levels......................170
14.1.3.3 Space Design Sound Levels..........................170
14.1.4 Handling of Toxic and Hazardous Substances.........170
14.1.4.1 Hazard Communication Standard......................170
14.1.4.2 Local Exhaust......................................170
14.1.4.3 Storage........................................... .170
14.1.4.4 Dry Chemicals......................................170
14.1.4.5 Liquid Chemicals...................................170
14.1.4.6 Gaseous Chemicals..................................170
14.1.4.7 Emergency Shower and Eye Wash Fountain.............171
14.2 Piping and Equipment...............................171
14.2.1 Piping............................................ .171
14.2.2 Boilers and Pressure Vessels.......................171
14.2.3 Air Compressors and Positive Displacement Pumps....171
14.2.4 Equipment Enclosures...............................171
14.3 Air Navigation.....................................171